1 העלויות הנסתרות של האנרגיה - (כמה הפחם למשל עולה לנו) - מה העלות של כל הדברים שאינם נכנסים לתחשיב כמו זהום אויר.
בהוצאת האקדמיה הלאומית האמריקאית
ישנם פרקים על: חשמל, ביטחון בטיחות האספקה ותשתיות, חימום, ושינוי אקלים
בהוצאת האקדמיה הלאומית האמריקאית
ישנם פרקים על: חשמל, ביטחון בטיחות האספקה ותשתיות, חימום, ושינוי אקלים
Hidden Costs of Energy:
Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use
Description
Despite the many benefits of energy, most of which are reflected in energy market prices, the production, distribution, and use of energy causes negative effects. Many of these negative effects are not reflected in energy market prices. When market failures like this occur, there may be a case for government interventions in the form of regulations, taxes, fees, tradable permits, or other instruments that will motivate recognition of these external or hidden costs.
The Hidden Costs of Energy defines and evaluates key external costs and benefits that are associated with the production, distribution, and use of energy, but are not reflected in market prices. The damage estimates presented are substantial and reflect damages from air pollution associated with electricity generation, motor vehicle transportation, and heat generation. The book also considers other effects not quantified in dollar amounts, such as damages from climate change, effects of some air pollutants such as mercury, and risks to national security.
While not a comprehensive guide to policy, this analysis indicates that major initiatives to further reduce other emissions, improve energy efficiency, or shift to a cleaner electricity generating mix could substantially reduce the damages of external effects. A first step in minimizing the adverse consequences of new energy technologies is to better understand these external effects and damages. The Hidden Costs of Energy will therefore be a vital informational tool for government policy makers, scientists, and economists in even the earliest stages of research and development on energy technologies.
The Hidden Costs of Energy defines and evaluates key external costs and benefits that are associated with the production, distribution, and use of energy, but are not reflected in market prices. The damage estimates presented are substantial and reflect damages from air pollution associated with electricity generation, motor vehicle transportation, and heat generation. The book also considers other effects not quantified in dollar amounts, such as damages from climate change, effects of some air pollutants such as mercury, and risks to national security.
While not a comprehensive guide to policy, this analysis indicates that major initiatives to further reduce other emissions, improve energy efficiency, or shift to a cleaner electricity generating mix could substantially reduce the damages of external effects. A first step in minimizing the adverse consequences of new energy technologies is to better understand these external effects and damages. The Hidden Costs of Energy will therefore be a vital informational tool for government policy makers, scientists, and economists in even the earliest stages of research and development on energy technologies.
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.גם הגליון האחרון של סיינס מקדיש מספר מאמרים לאנרגיה
בתמונה גידול אצות בצינורות שקופים
Scaling Up Alternative Energy
- David Malakoff, Jake Yeston, and Jesse Smith Science 13 August 2010: 779.
Full Text » PDF »
News
- Richard A. Kerr Science 13 August 2010: 780-781.
Summary » Full Text » PDF » Podcast Interview » - Daniel Clery Science 13 August 2010: 782-783.
Summary » Full Text » PDF » - Robert F. Service Science 13 August 2010: 784-785.
Summary » Full Text » PDF » - Adrian Cho Science 13 August 2010: 786-787.
Summary » PDF » - Eli Kintisch Science 13 August 2010: 788-789.
Summary » Full Text » PDF » - Eli Kintisch Science 13 August 2010: 789.
Summary » Full Text » PDF »
Perspectives
- Chris Somerville, Heather Youngs, Caroline Taylor, Sarah C. Davis, and Stephen P. Long Science 13 August 2010: 790-792.
Abstract » Full Text » PDF » Supporting Online Material » Podcast Interview » - Tom L. Richard Science 13 August 2010: 793-796.
Abstract » Full Text » PDF » - René H. Wijffels and Maria J. Barbosa Science 13 August 2010: 796-799.
Abstract » Full Text » PDF »
Review
- Robin W. Grimes and William J. Nuttall Science 13 August 2010: 799-803.
Abstract » Full Text » PDF »
מסתבר שגם ב-Science אפשר למצוא טעויות בגרפיקה שמלווה את את אסופת המאמרים מצוין שהפחם יספיק לעוד 200 שנה טענה כזאת שסותרת את כל הידוע כיום על רזרבות הפחם צריכה להיות מגובה בהסבר מפורט מיכוון שליד התרשים יש רק רשימת מקורות באותיות זעירות כנראה שהמקור לנתון הוא בפרסום מלפניי מספר שנים שגם הוא הסתמך בצורה ישירה או בעקיפין על מק קולסקי וכך קיבלנו את הנתון של שנת 2002 שהיה 204 שנים הנתון האחרון הוא 119 שנים לסוף 2009 ירידה של רק 3 שנים משנת 2008 (122 שנה) כאשר עדיין כל הטענות לגבי שיא תפוקת הפחם שעשוי להגיע בשנים הקרובות תקפות לדוגמה: סין עדיין לא עדכנה את רזרבות הפחם מזה עשרות שנים למרות היותה המפיקה הגולה בעולם של פחם ולכן אפילו רק עידכון של הרזרבות בסין יוריד כמה שנים מהרזרבות. לפרוט - השגות לתחנה הפחמית החדשה באשקלון
לסיכום יצא הסיכום של 2009 של NOAA
הסיכום של 2010 יהיה חם הרבה יותר בינתיים יש ב-2010 שורה של חדשים החמים ביותר מאז תחילת המדידות. ויש סיכויי טוב (רע) ששנת 2010 תהיה השנה החמה ביותר מאז תחילת המדידות. לבחירתכם מגוון קישורים בהמשך כולל גרפיקה אנטראקטיבית תקציר והדוח המלא.
State of the Climate in 2009
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Climatic Data Center
As appearing in the June 2010 issue (Vol. 91) of the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS).
Supplemental and Summary Materials
Do It Yourself: Key Climate Indicators
Key Climate Indicators provides interactive displays and access to data sets featured in the Kennedy et al. sidebar entitled "How do we know the world has warmed?" (found in Ch. 2: Global Climate, pages S26-S27).
Report at a Glance: Highlights (10 pages)
This supplement to the State of the Climate in 2009 draws upon materials from the larger report to provide a summary of key findings.
High Resolution (10.5 MB) | Low Resolution (2.4 MB)
High Resolution (10.5 MB) | Low Resolution (2.4 MB)
Full Report
Download Entire Document (218 pages)
- High Resolution (110.2 MB)
- Low Resolution (6.6 MB)
Download by Section
- Front Matter and Abstract (760 KB) [ Hi Rez (4.2 MB) ]
- Title page
- Author Affiliations
- Table of contents
- Abstract
- Introduction (520 KB) [ Hi Rez (1.6 MB) ]
Chapter 1 Figures - Global Climate (1.6 MB) [ Hi Rez (21.4 MB) ]
Chapter 2 Figures
- Summary
- Global Surface Temperature
- Hydrologic cycle
- Atmospheric circulation
- Earth radiation budget at top-of-atmospher
- Atmospheric composition
- Land surface properties
- Global Oceans (1.3 MB) [ Hi Rez (18.8 MB) ]
Chapter 3 Figures
- Overview
- Sea surface temperatures in 2009
- Ocean heat content
- Global ocean heat fluxes
- Sea surface salinity
- Surface current observations
- The meridional overturning circulation
- Sea level variations, 2009 annual assessment
- The global ocean carbon cycle
- Global ocean phytoplankton
- The Tropics (1.4 MB) [ Hi Rez (18.7 MB) ]
Chapter 4 Figures
- Overview
- ENSO and the tropical Pacific
- The Madden-Julian Oscillation
- Tropical cyclones
- Tropical cyclone heat potential
- Intertropical convergence zones
- Indian Ocean dipole
- The Arctic (1.1 MB) [ Hi Rez (13.2 MB) ]
Chapter5 Figures
- Overview
- Atmosphere
- Ocean
- Sea-ice cover
- Land
- Greenland
- Antarctica (716 KB) [ Hi Rez (6.1 MB) ]
Chapter 6 Figures
- Overview
- Atmospheric circulation
- Surface station observations
- Surface mass balance
- Seasonal melt extent and duration
- Sea-ice extent and concentration
- Ozone depletion
- Regional Climates (1.8 MB) [ Hi Rez (21 MB) ]
Chapter 7 Figures
- Overview
- North America
- Central America and the Caribbean
- South America
- Africa
- Europe
- Asia
- Oceania
- Seasonal Global Summaries (634 KB) [ Hi Rez (4.8 MB) ]
Chapter 8 Figures - References (801 KB) [ Hi Rez (4.4 MB) ]
How to cite the document
- Citing the complete report: Arndt, D. S., M. O. Baringer, and M. R. Johnson, Eds., 2010: State of the Climate in 2009. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91 (6), S1-S224.
- Citing a chapter (example): Diamond, H.J.., Ed., 2010: The tropics [in "State of the Climate in 2009"]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91 (6), S79-106.
- Citing a section (example): Halpert, M., G. D. Bell, and M. L.Heureux, 2010: ENSO and the Tropical Pacific [in .State of the Climate in 2009.]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91 (6), S79-S82.